Sunday, December 26, 2010

Gnosticism

It is at this point that I must address Gnosticism before moving any further. Gnosticism comes from the Greek word, “gnosis”, which means knowledge. The term “agnostic” is a term that describes those who search for the truth through reason alone. Agnostics argue that what is beyond the powers of reason is beyond the boundaries of human intellect, and unfortunately, Agnostics have forgotten the power of the soul. Gnostics attempt to search for the divine, the unknown, the occult through knowledge, both the outer knowledge of the mind and reason, and the inner knowledge of the soul, the divine spark. Like all other religions, Gnosticism had many disjointed sects, believing a wide-range of things, but the majority, believed in Christ. Many of the Cabalists, followers of Jewish mysticism, did not recognize Christ, but neither do the mainstream Jews. The Gnostics, however, did not view Christ to be the savior of our souls, for they believe our souls to be perfect and do not believe in the concept of “original sin”. No, Christ, according to them, was the savior of our minds. They believed that God was an indescribable essence, much like the Tao or the Force, and that YHWH, the tribal god of the Jews, was the Demi-urge. This being does not have a soul, but has great powers of the mind and body. The Demi-urge fears the potential of humanity, and attempts to keep humanity ignorant, and thus incapable of evolving and moving out of the cave. Our failure is thus not “original sin”, but ignorance and apathy. This being may have other beings that it controls, but who are more powerful than humanity. In this “light”, the Demi-urge can be seen as the fire in the cave, and the workers on the walkway are the archons under the control of the fire. Thus depending on positions of the Fire, archons, and the person, the archons either seem dark and evil or bright and good. In fact, they are neither, they are just pawns.

Gnostics follow two thoughts for creation, a positive one and a negative one. In the positive view, the essence of God split itself and created the universe, and thus the spark of God was within everything. God then created beings, which some could view as angels, to keep order and balance in the newly created universe. These beings do not have a soul, but have great, great power, and became obsessed with power, and subsequently, control. The other version believes that through Self-division, God created woman, a Mother-earth goddess they call Sophia. Sophia, being one step lower than God, realizes his awesome infinitude and worships him. Sophia then tries to be like God, and out of ignorance, creates the Archons, who are led by the archon know as the Demi-Urge. The Archons have no soul, for they were created by Sophia, not God, but they are powerful, and create the universe as a realm to extend their power. Sophia, realizing her mistake, goes to God, apologizes, and then takes the spark of God, in the form of the snake in the Garden of Eden, down to humanity. The archons realizing the magnitude of this, trap Sophia in this earthly realm, banish humanity from “paradise”, and create negative stigmas for both women and the snake as a result of Sophia’s actions. In both versions, they have thus taken control of humanity through various means, monotheistic religion being one of them, and their main goal is to keep humanity from developing its potential, its soul, through ignorance. Regardless of which version you follow, God creates Christ, and sends him down to teach humanity much like the philosopher descends down into the cave to release the prisoners of the cave. Unfortunately, the message of Christ, according to the Gnostics was mutilated by the Archons into another monotheistic religion, another conflict.
I prefer to follow the path of the first creation story, for more than just optimistic, positive attitudes. The number 432, I believe, is the universal calling card of God, the fingerprint of the occult, the rhythmic pulse of the indescribable essence. If this world is an illusion, a projection created by the Archons, then this mystical number of 432 is actually their calling card, their fingerprint, and their pulse. Something within me says this cannot be so. And so, I believe that this reality, this world, this universe is real, and if any illusion exists, it exists as a shadow within the mind, a curtain that blocks us from truly interpreting what we see, hear, and feel. A curtain that some could argue creates a veil that disconnects us from the rest of the Self, from the rest of ourselves, from connecting our miniscule soul to the rest of the vast Self.

In Plato’s Cave, humanity is stuck in one of two places, in the shadows, or in the dualistic world of the fire. The duality is either created by the Demi-urge, or taken advantage of by the Demi-urge, the fire. The fire creates a powerful, but false light on the shadow wall, and its workers, its archons not only sustain the fire, but also cast shadows or illusions onto the wall. This can be seen as your nature-worship religions, belief systems that worship the seemingly random and unknown functions of nature, the shadows of the archons, the shadows of those beings who physically control this realm. When people are released, they see the fire, and they worship the fire for its light has saved them from the unknown shadows. Ironically, though, the fire has not saved them, instead, it was the one that created the shadows to begin with. The fire then mesmerizes humanity with its power, with its “glory”, and demands that the people turn their backs on the “evil” shadows, and instead, focus on the fire, worship the fire, feel the “warmth” of the fire. It is very, very intriguing to consider that YHWH, the Demi-urge according to Gnosticism, actually appears to Moses in the form of a “burning bush”. How ironic. The fire, through its use of duality and visually mesmerizing “light”, controls this world mentally.



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Saturday, December 25, 2010

Which one is real?

Day One Assignment – “Biographies”
Jon Headlee

#1
Some call me Squirrel; others call me Jon Headlee. Nevertheless, I was born in Seattle on June 10th, 1982. My early childhood was fairly non-descript. That is to say, it was a normal one. All of that seemed to change in the early 1990s. I started listening to the wonderful sounds of grunge music, and at the same time, my parents began their downward spiral towards divorce.

In the summer of 1995, they finally made it official, and I moved with my mother to Vancouver. It was the time of my life. We were living with my Grandparents – my loaded Grandparents, and they wasted no opportunity to spoil me. Shortly after I turned 15, I was introduced to a wonderful, almost fantasy-like world. It was the world of drugs, and everything from pot to acid to shrooms to even DMT seemed readily available.

That was until my Grandparents found out about it. Naturally, they freaked, and my Grandfather, being a retired Marine, suggested military school. I’m still not sure why they shipped me more than 3,000 miles away, but at age 17, I ended up at Randolph Macon. It was harsh, but it was also only a year.

Afterwards, I came to VCU to study criminal justice, and my intention is to go on to study law. One day, I will legalize all those drugs that are so hated. One day I will validate my belief that drugs, especially hallucinogens, are not bad, but in fact, very helpful.

#2
I was born Jonathan David Headlee at the Air Force Academy Hospital on June 21st, 1986. I’ve always hated my full name, and since I was young, I’ve gone by Jon. My dad was in the Air Force, and so we moved a few times during my youth. When I was four, we moved from our gorgeous home in Colorado Springs to a dusty new suburb in Fayetteville, North Carolina. The neighborhood still wasn’t finished when we moved out 3 years later.

We ended up in Centreville, a suburb in the growing Fairfax County. It was here I discovered football when I was ten, and I loved it. I played four years of youth ball, and then another four years in high school. Despite winning the state championship, my final game ended with tears because I knew I would never play again.

I came to VCU, originally to study film and psychology. After completing a pre-Art Foundation studio class, I decided that a year of hell in “Art Boot Camp” was not worth the limited Film program at VCU. Keeping Psychology, I moved on to add Philosophy as a second major after going through a personal epiphany during my English 200 class. After taking a few Religious Studies classes, I added Religious Studies as another major. It’ll take me a full 5 years, but I hope to graduate with three degrees, a creative writing minor, and hopefully a collection of films (including a documentary I’m working on with Sera Tabb) to take to grad school.



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Friday, December 24, 2010

The Death of the Hero and the True Occult

The Hero is a concept, an archetype if you are of the Jungian belief, of perfection, of purpose, of quintessential ideas. The concept of the hero or heroism is imbedded within the minds of everyone. Ask a young child what he or she wants to be, and you’ll hear fireman, police officer, nurse, doctor, or superhero. Why? The answer is quite simple, they want to be a hero. They want to rescue someone, they want to protect someone, they want to heal someone, or they want to transcend the limitations of humanity and fight evil, for everyone. Campbell asserts that these desires stem from an unconscious awareness of a connection that transcends our conscious understanding of the world. An understanding that the hero and that “someone” are parts of the same whole, and to save that “someone” is to save a part of yourself. “It is an impulse rising below the plane of our conscious living and judging, from our knowledge of a deep truth: that I and that other are one.” (204-205) This is the simplest understanding of the Self concept found in the East. Why else should someone sacrifice themselves for another being, unless the two shared a connection beyond cultural, political, or physical ties, a connection of a metaphysical nature. This is the basis for the occult, and why the hero is the central figure in the occult. Every belief system has at least one hero, Moses of Judaism, Buddha of Buddhism, Lao Tzu of Taoism, Jesus Christ of Christianity, Lord Krishna of Hinduism, Theseus of Greece, Cuchulain of Ireland, William Wallace of Scotland, Okuninushi of Japan, Odin and Thor of the Norse (Vikings), and Quetzalcoatl of Mexico. There are of course many, many more heroes found in every culture and religion, but that is a good list.

The heroes (and some of the gods) of the Occident and Orient were usually quite similar. Their stories were so similar that some mythologists and historians wonder if they all were actually from the same original belief structure, a belief structure created by a group of people that eventually populated the Earth. Anthropologists might claim that these were the belief structures of the first cave-dwelling humans, while occultists and conspiracy theorists might claim that they are Atlantean or alien in origin, but nevertheless, there is a connection between occult beliefs and the hero myth. The myths were so common, and the gods were so similar, in fact, that the god of one group was easily recognized as the god of another group (with just different names, and perhaps slightly different powers and/or reign). Thus, there was hardly any conflict between the religions and belief structures of various occultists. Why? It is merely because they were wise enough to recognize that the various groups of people were worshipping the same deity, thing, or what have you. Like I stated earlier when I introduced the Hero Myth, the hero myth provides the cement for foundation myths to harden. Without them, foundation myths, and occult beliefs themselves, fall apart.

Monotheistic traditions of the Levantine claim their heroes, Zoroaster, Moses (and Abraham), Jesus Christ, and Mohammad, to be the only hero or in some cases, the last hero, the last of God’s prophets. Monotheistic religions are based around tribal deities, or a Supernatural God that has chosen a specific group of people spread the truth and shine a light onto this world of darkness. The creator or continuing prophet of that religion is put forth as a hero, and all other “heroes” are connected to some evil being, whether it be a demon or Satan himself. Thus, not only is the hero “killed” by monotheism, but all other manifestations of the hero are connected to a source of evil.

The death of all other heroes continues on with the attack on the gods of other beliefs. According to Robert Goldenburg, Christianity and Judaism, both religions that demand faith to one God and deny all other gods, share a hate towards other faiths, “Certain biblical authors, however, do present an attitude of vehement and unrelenting contempt and rejection toward the religions of other nations, a stance distinguished for its principled denial that foreign deities have any reality at all.” (p. 22) Campbell agrees with this notion, and the rise of Judaism, and subsequently Christianity and Islam, gradually deteriorated the mythical occult (which centered on a metaphysical aspect of nature). Also, this created a new type of occult, a “two-way occult: on the hand, the approved cult, which is worship of our own tribal deity (Semitic God)… and… the diabolic occult of the powers of the nature religions, who are…independent enemies of Yahweh, but in the Christian tradition…a devil who can only act with the permission of the one true and only God.” (212, 213) Campbell does not delve into the reasons Judaism and Christianity adopted a hate towards occult practices, other than the disparities between their “supernatural” God, and the occult’s belief in a metaphysical nature; however, he does suggest that the rise of these religions led to the decline of the mythological occult, and the rise of a new occult, the occult most commonly recognized today. This occult, or “black magic” or paganism, usually revolved around practices that were outlawed by Christianity. (213) They typically believed and worshiped “the Devil”, and/or “mother nature”, and since God is viewed as a man, and the Devil is the source of evil, the leaders of Christianity labeled it heresy. This heresy was soon transformed to every other practice, which explains the Crusades (Christianity viewed Islam as its enemy, and Allah as the Devil), and was adapted to every form of non-Christian worship.



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Thursday, December 23, 2010

The Occult and the Rise of Christianity

It is imperative to define the occult now, for it is a solid understanding of the occult that will allow us to make the baby steps in our next great evolutionary step. The occult, in the simplest understanding, is the hidden. It is that which we do not know. It is what we fear and seek simultaneously. There are two types of people within the occult, pursuers and followers, and though these people may call the occult by various names, it is essentially all the same; it is still the unknown.

The pursuers of the occult are those who seek to uncover that which is hidden or unseen. These people use many different methods, but it usually comes down to either a pursuit of the mind or a pursuit of the soul, and sometimes both. Those who use their mind to pursue the occult tend to use logic and reasoning as their main tools, and thus many of these people are philosophers. Gnostics, those who seek gnosis or true knowledge, also pursue with their mind. Other people like, alchemists, used a combination of science and spirituality to unlock the occult. Likewise, those who pursue with the soul utilize different methods as well, many of which revolve around some sort of meditation. Meditation almost seems to be the opposite of pursuit with the mind because the goal of meditation is to quiet the mind and feel the soul. Among those who pursue with the soul are Buddhists, Taoists, Shamans, Mystics, and the Jedi of Star Wars. The emphasis is on feeling to know, rather than thinking in order to know (Jedi, interestingly enough, emphasize the Wiccan concept of, “I do not think, I know”, which is directly referenced in many places in Star Wars, but is also echoed by Yoda’s, “Do or do not, there is no try”). The last group, those who utilize both, can best be represented by the Wiccans or the Magic arts. In Magick, one attempts to use the mind to gain control of the spirit, and possibly the spirits of others, in order to search the unknown. Usually one does this through spoken word, which emphasizes the power of the Logos (sometimes referred to as Jesus), as the connection between the natural and the metaphysical, the mind and the soul. Jesus is also referred to as the body of God, and thus, by utilizing the Logos, the body becomes connected to the mind and soul, forming the necessary triangle of humanity.

The other category of occultists are the followers. These people do not seek to actively pursue the occult, to unlock the unknown. Instead, they follow the small pieces that they do know, in hope of some salvation. The Hindus seek salvation from this illusionary world of Maya, and want to become one with the godhead, Brahmin. Confucius of ancient China taught a doctrine of respect and morality that was to be followed, which many Chinese did (and many people still do). All religions with a prophecy for an apocalypse or cleansing preach a life of practice, belief, and acceptance (pursuit is sometimes frowned upon) in order to save oneself from the impending doom. While many religions and belief structures teach this basic philosophy, this is best seen in Christianity and the related religions of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Islam.

In Christianity, we are all born sinners and are doomed to Hell at birth. Thus, we become dependent upon salvation, a savior, a hero. Instead of striving to become a hero ourselves, we are left to be saved by Christ. The best we can become are “mini-Christs”, or as the popular bracelet says, in such a polarizing manner, “What Would Jesus Do?” Thus Christianity spells the end of the hero’s quest, as we, according to Christianity, aren’t capable of journeying between “the two worlds”, and must instead rely on Christ as our hero to take us from the physical to the spiritual. Oddly, though, while we must rely on Christ to save us, we all contain the Holy Spirit which could be considered the spirit or soul of God. So we all have a spark of divinity, a piece of God, within us, and yet we are somehow still doomed to failure without Christ. This curious part of Christianity is never fully explained.

Keeping on the topic of Christianity, it is good to note the relationship between the occult and Christianity. It is quite safe to say that it hasn’t been a friendly one to say the least. In the eyes of Christianity, or at least those in power of the religion, the occult is almost every other belief system, sparing perhaps Judaism and Islam, and the occult is evil. The occult is the personification of Satan’s control over the world. Christianity makes no distinction between the peaceful and serene Taoist and the sometimes barbaric and heartless Celt. Not that the Celts were evil or primitive people, nor that Taoists are personifications of peace, but in the eyes of Christianity, they are one in the same. They are the disillusioned souls under the command of Satan.

To understand the fight between Christianity and the occult, perhaps we should look at the creation myths. At this point, it is imperative to divide the world into 3 belief centers, as according to Joseph Campbell in his 1961 essay, “The Separation of the East and West”. The first is the Oriental center. The Oriental center is comprised of India and the Far East, China and Japan. The second center is the Occidental, which is primarily Europe and Northern Africa. The final center is the Levantine, located in the Middle East. These three centers have varying accounts of the creation myth, a central belief in any belief system. In the Orient, creation occurs through sacrifice. A singular, indefinite being or existence (Self, Brahma, Tao, etc) creates the universe from itself, by first splitting into two, male and female, and thus everything within the universe is not only a part of the whole, but connected to this oneness or SELF. (online) Thus the idea of procreation can almost be seen as an internal need to recreate the original creation, to come back together, to become one again, for the purpose of creating once again. This is the best source for the Star Wars concept of the Force, which was derived from the concepts of Tao and Chi. It is the eternal and ever-present SELF.

In the Occidental areas, according to Campbell, Greece especially, there is a different concept of creation. For the Greeks, they do not worry too much about how the universe came to be (explained by a Mother or goddess Earth myth), instead, they focus on how humanity came to be. Thus, in the mythological age, or the age before time, there are three races of humans, plus the gods. A race of just men resides on the Sun, a race of just women reside on Earth, and a race of men and women reside on the Moon. Each race is essentially two humans in one body. The gods of Mt. Olympus, fearing the power of humanity, decide to split the races of humanity into two parts, male and female. Thus the nature of love is a desire to be whole, and the Greeks believed in the three kinds of love, man and woman, man and man, and woman and woman. For the Greeks, as well as the rest of the Occidental world, the gods were not supernatural. They were, in relationship to man, an older race, a big brother type, and in some instances, a group of beings determined to keep humanity from reaching its potential. (online) One could almost relate the gods of the Occidental world to the Jedi and Sith of Star Wars, as they are the bigger brothers to the rest of the universe, and depending on their commitment and personality, they either take the role of the protector (Jedi) or the power monger (Sith), like many older brothers do in brother-brother or brother-sister relationships.

The final region, the Levantine, has a different viewpoint on creation. Here, creation came not from the metaphysical, but from the Supernatural. There was no splitting of God or all-pervasive being and there was no equality between God (or gods) and man, man became God’s servant, and the split of humanity, the split of the sexes occurs not within the Oneness (like Tao or Brahma), but in man. As Campbell immediately points out, this defines the differences between the East and the West. In the West, the Occidental is eventually deemed pagan and evil, and is thus swallowed up by the Levantine religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Thus, the idea of man being somewhat equal to the metaphysical gods is replaced by the idea that man is a servant to an all-powerful supernatural God. Thus humanity’s only spiritual focus should be on worshipping and following God. In the East, the focus is on the innermost Self because creation arose from an indefinite Self or Oneness, and thus a part of this Self or Oneness is found in everyone and everything. (online)

The idea of self is the basis of meditation, to center one’s self and explore the inner depths of one’s being, as well as the connections between the self and the rest of the Self, the rest of the universe. Prayer, while similar to meditation, is not to find or consult the inner, but to find and consult the outer, the supernatural. Going back to my geometric theories, the loss of the Occidental due to the Levantine has created a state of duality within the soul. Before, there were three points in belief structures: a supernatural God, a group of metaphysical gods, and an indefinite Self or Oneness. These three points created a triangle of stability, where each point is connected to all of the other points. The idea of the Self is similar to an all-powerful God, yet also similar in terms of the metaphysical to the gods of the Occidental. Likewise, a belief that the gods were like older brothers who controlled the functions of the world and humanity, but were in themselves, still capable of human imperfection, belies the sense of connection or Self, yet at the same time, the belief and worship of gods in any stature is similar to the worship of a supernatural God. Thus, these three belief centers formed the triangular relationship of humanity. By the Levantine taking over the Occidental, the balance that is the triangle was destroyed. The relationship then shifted from a triangular balance to a linear struggle, a struggle of Duality. On one side is the West, with the concepts of reason, science, and supernatural monotheism, and on the other side is the East, with the concepts of reincarnation, “alternative medicine”, and indefinite Oneness, Self, and interconnection.



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Wednesday, December 22, 2010

For Bierlein, the hero myths “offer an eternal mirror in which we see ourselves.” These myths are not merely tales of adventure, like American Westerns, for they also speak to a greater, metaphysical sense, “only in moments of ‘opening,’ revelation, and transcendence do we see the gods address or aid the hero.” (Living Myths, 120) Hero myths are connected to the occult because they are shining examples of what that particular mythological system represents. For Campbell, any religion can be considered part of the occult, and thus Jesus Christ is a shining example of Christianity’s belief structure. According to Campbell’s “The Hero with a Thousand Faces”, the hero and religion’s god, or the occult’s metaphysical presence in nature, are connected, “The two…are thus understood as the outside and inside of a single, self-mirrored mystery, which is identical with the mystery of the manifest world.”(40) Again, we see the word mirror. To both Campbell and Bierlein, the hero myths reflect the inner “occult” in all of us. They are stories that connect humanity to the occult, the hidden, the metaphysical, or to God himself. I believe this stems from an innate feeling that the metaphysical, the Self, the “Tao”, the FORCE, lies within all of us, and religion or the occult (and subsequently hero myths) is a way of explaining a sense or a feeling that cannot be represented by our physical senses.

Like “The Greatest Story Ever Told”, the hero myth/story of Christ, is the foundation of Christianity, so too are all the hero myths. Without a hero, without an icon, without a symbol, a belief structure cannot exist. Some attribute this to Carl Jung’s collective unconsciousness and archetypes, while others say that heroes are merely humanity’s need for perfection, and those heroes represent the quintessential of a belief system. The why, is not important, however, because no one can deny the power of hero myths. Hero myths make the unknown convincing and enthralling, while at the same time, inspiring others to follow in the path of the hero. Hero myths inspire us to better ourselves, to better humanity, and to strive for some goal or quest. Without them, there is only complacency.


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Tuesday, December 21, 2010

King Arthur's Sister Goes to Washington

Final Page - written by Mark Twain and channeled through Kim Headlee:

I broke off because the time-folding device, which I had been (stupidly, perhaps, but there you have it) clutching all the while he was reading the Manuscript, had begun growing warm again--I mean, much warmer than my hand alone could have done. My heart lurched; I thought I'd accidentally activated it.
Its light was flashing green rather than red.
Sandy, who'd been staring at me, slack-jawed, as if I'd just sprouted a third arm, said:
"Hurry, pull it off!"
"I can't! It's already bonded." A thought occurred, a possibility I hadn't considered before, and I felt calmness wash over me like a wave. "Either I'm about to disappear again, or--"
When the flash passed and my eyesight cleared, I was still standing inside the private office of the owner of the London Knights baseball team. Sandy was still behind its massive desk, though he had risen from the chair and was grinning broadly, a grin I knew wasn't meant for me.
Behind me, a dear familiar female voice said:
"Arthur, I have ever so much to explain to thee . . ."



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Monday, December 20, 2010

The Hero's Quest and Star Wars

Plato’s Allegory of the cave is also the Hero’s Quest as defined by Joseph Campbell. Kirsten Brennan analyzed Joseph Campbell’s Hero With a Thousand Faces, and broke it up into parts with comparisons to Star Wars and The Matrix in her article “Star Wars Origins”. There are three basic stages in the hero’s journey. The first stage is the Departure. This is the hero leaving his natural realm to entire into something greater, usually to leave the cave. Within the Departure is the call to adventure, which is seen in Princess Leia’s message for help. Next is the refusal of the call; Luke has to stay and help out with the harvest – “Look, I can’t get involved”. Following the refusal, the hero then receives supernatural aid, and this comes in the form of Obi-Wan when Luke gets ambushed by sand people. This aid from Obi-Wan, combined with R2-D2’s insistent need to find Ob-Wan, saves Luke from also being killed by the same stormtroopers that kill his aunt and uncle. After being rescued or aided by a supernatural force, the hero accepts the quest, crosses the first threshold, and enters into the belly of the whale. In Star Wars, the threshold is Tatooine, and the belly of the whale can be viewed as either the Cantina or the trash compactor on the Death Star. (online)
The second stage according to Campbell, and analyzed and compared by Brennan, is the Initiation. This is where the hero attains some level of divine; for Luke, he becomes a Jedi. The first part of the Initiation is the road of trials. For Luke his first trial is the lightsaber training on the Millennium Falcon, and his final trial doesn’t occur until he beats his father aboard the second Death Star, realizes his dark emotions, renounces the Dark Side, and refuses to fight any more. Following the trials, the hero meets the goddess, which can be seen when Luke rescues Leia from her cell. Next comes the temptation away from the path, seen by Luke’s flirtation with the Dark Side while captive aboard the second Death Star. Following the flirtation, the hero atones with his father; likewise, Luke finally saves the soul of his father, Anakin, in the waning moments of Return of the Jedi. After the hero atones with his father, he reaches Apotheosis, or a god-like state. Following the death of the Emperor and the saving of Darth Vader’s soul, Luke is now a Jedi, “like [his] father before [him]”. After reaching the final stage, the source, comes “the final boon”, which is seen with the destruction of the Death Stars, in both A New Hope and Return of the Jedi, as well as the death of the Emperor. (online) The final stage, at least in Star Wars, occurs out of order due mostly to the complex story arch in which A New Hope by itself is one journey, and the entire original trilogy is an over-arching journey as well. Perhaps, though, this complexity is an integral reason for the appeal of Star Wars.

The final stage of the hero’s journey, as outlined by Brennan’s interpretation of Campbell, is the Return. While it is interesting to note that there is no actual “return” in Return of the Jedi, there is one in A New Hope. The first stage of the Return is the refusal to return, and we see this when Look doesn’t want to leave the Death Star, but instead wants to avenge Obi-Wan’s death, and shoot Darth Vader. Obi-Wan’s wisdom echoes through to Luke, “Run Luke, Run”, and Luke heeds Obi-Wan and runs. Following the refusal is a “magical flight”, which is seen many times in Star Wars, almost always aboard the junky, but somehow reliable Millennium Falcon. After the hero’s magical flight, he is “rescued from without”. This is actually in both A New Hope and Return of the Jedi, as Han saves Luke from Vader during the attack on the first Death Star, and Darth Vader saves Luke from the Emperor at the end of Return of the Jedi. After being rescued by an outside character, the hero crosses the return threshold, and likewise Luke destroys the first Death Star, and lastly, he saves his father from the “Dark Side”. The hero then becomes a master of two worlds. Interesting, Luke can only accomplish this dual mastership at the end of the trilogy, for he became a master of the human world with the destruction of the first Death Star, and he became a master of the divine world, or the Force, when he conquered the Emperor and saved his father. Lastly is the freedom to live, seen by the multitude of celebrations at the end of Return of the Jedi. (online)

The final piece of the mythical hero are the other, random mythical elements which Campbell outlines and Brennan compares to Star Wars. The first element is the two worlds. This can be seen by Plato’s division between the cave and the outside world. This can be seen in Star Wars by the natural and technological worlds. Many mythical stories also contain a prophecy, and Star Wars is no different. In Star Wars, Anakin Skywalker is considered to be the prophesied “chosen one”, “the one who will bring balance to the Force”, he fails, and in failing, he unknowingly passes this prophecy onto his son, Luke. Other characters include, the Mentor, the Oracle, the Failed Hero, the Shapeshifter, and the Animal familiar. All of these are represented in Star Wars. Obi-Wan Kenobi and Yoda fulfill the Mentor and Oracle figures, and both guide Luke throughout his journey. Luke’s father, Anakin Skywalker and Darth Vader, is the failed hero from the prequel trilogy, while Han Solo and Lando Calrissian fulfill the shapeshifter roles, and Chewbacca fulfills the role of the Animal familiar. The final mythical elements in the hero’s journey are wearing the enemy’s skin and following a lone animal into the enchanted wood. We see this in A New Hope when the Millennium Falcon follows a single TIE fighter towards the Death Star, and later, Han and Luke put on stormtrooper disguises in order to sneak out of the Falcon and eventually into the Detention Block to rescue Princess Leia. (online) This is also seen in Return of the Jedi when Luke, Han, Leia, and Chewbacca (along with other, less important Rebels) take a stolen Imperial shuttle down to the forest moon of Endor, and then Leia follows Wicket, an Ewok, into the “enchanted wood” of Endor. As one can see, Star Wars contains all of the major elements of the mythical hero, and thus it is easy to understand why the story is so compelling and why Star Wars has become an incredible phenomenon. And to think, as Charles Chaplin outlined in his biography of George Lucas, Lucas originally wanted to create just an ode to the television serials of the 1950s and 60s, like Flash Gordon. (41-42)

The hero also represents a level of the Allegory. If the hero is a commoner, than he/she begins at the first stage. Star Wars utilizes this with Luke Skywalker. If the hero is of royalty or a commoner with apparent super-human characteristics, then he/she begins at the second stage. Star Wars also utilizes this with the story of Anakin Skywalker. If the hero begins as a superhero or a small god, then that hero begins at the third stage. This is common in Greek hero myths, such as Hercules, and prevalent in the Norse myths, for all of the heroes within the Norse myths are gods (but their gods are naturally flawed and doomed). If the hero begins at the final stage, then there is no quest for knowledge or item, but rather a quest to save humanity, to rescue those below him (or her). This can partly be seen in the story of Christ, someone who is sent from the source to save humanity, but also takes on the second stage by beginning in this world as a metaphysical commoner. After assuming his role as the hero, the hero must then go on a journey to get an artifact or object that will save humanity in the story. In Star Wars, Luke must discover the Force and become a Jedi Knight to save both his father and the Rebel Alliance.


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